HCE Laboratory - Host card emulator for PN7160

A high-performance, low-latency implementation of the ISO/IEC 14443-4 (ISO-DEP) HCE designed for the PN7160 NFC Controller. This framework enables advanced Card Emulation (CE) and protocol analysis on PC platforms.

Note

This project is actively developed. The core DESFire EV1 emulator and MifarePlus SL3 emulator are fully operational, with a comprehensive integration test suite.

Important

I'm open to ideas, but please don't open issues. I know there's still a lot to do... If you like this project, please leave me a star or email me, so I know it generates interest in continuing to work on it.

Overview

This project provides a robust abstraction layer for the PN7160, utilizing the NCI (NFC Controller Interface) 2.0 standard. Unlike standard high-level APIs, this stack grants full control over the protocol transmission and APDU exchange, making it an ideal tool for researchers and developers working on proximity systems.

The core engine handles complex state machines required for modern secure element emulation, ensuring high compatibility with professional proximity readers.

Key Features

ISO-DEP Compliance: Full implementation of T4T emulation over ISO/IEC 14443-4.
DESFire EV1 Emulation: Complete server-side implementation of the DESFire protocol with 43 commands, supporting native (proprietary) and ISO 7816-4 wrapped APDUs.
MifarePlus SL3 Emulation: Security Level 3 emulation with AES-128 mutual authentication, per-sector key management, value block arithmetic (increment, decrement, restore, transfer), and encrypted read/write operations. 17 commands implemented.
Hardware-Level Optimization: Optimized for the PN7160 NCI 2.0 interface to achieve minimal frame-turnaround time (2.5–4 ms).
Cryptographic Support: AES-128, 2K3DES, and 3K3DES session key derivation with CMAC integrity protection.
Transaction Support: Full commit/abort transaction model with rollback for DESFire data files and records.
JSON-Based Card Images: Card configurations loaded from JSON files — UID, keys, files, applications, and access rights fully configurable.
Dual Protocol Mode: Automatic detection of native DESFire and ISO 7816-4 wrapped command frames.
APDU Transparency: Full logging and interception of APDUs for diagnostic and auditing purposes.
Integration Test Suite: 165 automated tests — 49 DESFire tests across 5 categories (security, PICC, application, ISO, transaction) and 116 MifarePlus SL3 tests — all running against an in-process loopback emulator or a physical PCSC reader.
Cross-Platform Architecture: Modular C++17 core building on Linux and Windows (MSYS2).

Screenshots

This screenshot shows the Qt6 GUI application with ISO-DEP communication between a desktop reader and the DESFire emulator.

Timing measurement taken with nfc-laboratory using an Android mobile as reader and the PN7160 as card emulator — response latency 2.5–3.5 ms:

Technical Specifications

Layer	Standard / Protocol
Physical / MAC	ISO/IEC 14443-A, ISO/IEC 14443-B
Data Link Layer	ISO/IEC 14443-4 (ISO-DEP)
Controller Interface	NCI 2.0 (I2C / SPI)
Emulation Mode	Proximity Integrated Circuit Card (PICC)
Data Rates	106, 212, 424, and 848 kbit/s

Supported Targets

T4T (Type 4 Tag)

A minimal ISO 14443-4 compliant stub target. Responds to all APDUs and serves as a base for custom emulation.

DESFire EV1

A full-featured server-side emulator. Card images are loaded from JSON configuration files (see DESFIRE.md for the complete format reference).

Supported cryptographic modes:

Mode	Key type	Key size
Legacy	2K3DES	16 bytes
ISO	3K3DES	24 bytes
AES	AES-128	16 bytes

DESFire Command Reference

All commands respond in both native protocol (CLA=0x90) and ISO 7816-4 wrapped (CLA=0x00) modes.

Security & Key Management

INS	Command	Description
`0x0A`	`Authenticate`	Legacy DES/2K3DES authentication (2-pass challenge-response)
`0x1A`	`AuthenticateISO`	ISO 2K3DES/3K3DES authentication
`0xAA`	`AuthenticateAES`	AES-128 mutual authentication with session key derivation
`0x45`	`GetKeySettings`	Read key configuration and access rights for current application
`0x54`	`ChangeKeySettings`	Update application key settings (requires master key auth)
`0x64`	`GetKeyVersion`	Read the version byte of a specific key
`0xC4`	`ChangeKey`	Replace a key within the current application
`0x5C`	`SetConfiguration`	Modify PICC-level configuration parameters

PICC-Level Commands

INS	Command	Description
`0x60`	`GetVersion`	Read hardware/software version and production batch info
`0x6E`	`GetFreeMemory`	Query available EEPROM space
`0x51`	`GetCardUID`	Retrieve the card's 7-byte UID (requires AES auth)
`0xCA`	`CreateApplication`	Create a new application with key settings and crypto mode
`0xDA`	`DeleteApplication`	Delete an application and all its files
`0x5A`	`SelectApplication`	Switch the active application context
`0x6A`	`GetApplicationIDs`	List all application AIDs on the card
`0x6D`	`GetDFNames`	List ISO DF names for applications with ISO mode enabled
`0xFC`	`FormatPICC`	Wipe all applications and files (requires PICC master key)

Application-Level Commands

INS	Command	Description
`0xCD`	`CreateStandardFile`	Create a flat data file (plain/MACed/encrypted)
`0xCB`	`CreateBackupFile`	Create a data file with backup/rollback support
`0xCC`	`CreateValueFile`	Create a signed 32-bit counter with upper/lower limits
`0xC1`	`CreateLinearRecordFile`	Create a fixed-size record file (append only)
`0xC0`	`CreateCyclicRecordFile`	Create a ring-buffer record file
`0x6F`	`GetFileIDs`	List file numbers in the current application
`0x61`	`GetISOFileIDs`	List ISO EF IDs for files with ISO mode enabled
`0xF5`	`GetFileSettings`	Read file type, communication mode, and access rights
`0x5F`	`ChangeFileSettings`	Update communication mode and access rights of a file
`0xDF`	`DeleteFile`	Remove a file from the current application

Data Manipulation Commands

INS	Command	Description
`0xBD`	`ReadData`	Read bytes from a standard or backup data file
`0x3D`	`WriteData`	Write bytes to a standard or backup data file
`0x6C`	`GetValue`	Read the current value of a value file
`0x0C`	`Credit`	Increase a value file counter (within upper limit)
`0xDC`	`Debit`	Decrease a value file counter (within lower limit)
`0x1C`	`LimitedCredit`	Credit up to the per-transaction limit defined at file creation
`0xBB`	`ReadRecords`	Read one or more records from a record file
`0x3B`	`WriteRecord`	Append a record to a linear or cyclic record file
`0xEB`	`ClearRecordFile`	Delete all records in a record file
`0xC7`	`CommitTransaction`	Persist all pending writes (debit, write, append)
`0xA7`	`AbortTransaction`	Discard all pending changes and restore previous state

ISO 7816-4 Commands (Wrapped Mode)

INS	Command	Description
`0xA4`	`ISOSelectFile`	Select application by DF name or file by EF ID
`0xB0`	`ISOReadBinary`	Read bytes from a transparent EF (absolute offset or SFI)
`0xD6`	`ISOUpdateBinary`	Write bytes to a transparent EF (absolute offset or SFI)
`0xB2`	`ISOReadRecords`	Read records from a record EF
`0xD7`	`ISOAppendRecord`	Append a record to a linear record EF
`0x84`	`ISOGetChallenge`	Request a random challenge for external authentication
`0x88`	`ISOInternalAuthenticate`	Perform internal authentication
`0x82`	`ISOExternalAuthenticate`	Complete mutual authentication handshake

MifarePlus SL3

Security Level 3 (SL3) emulation with AES-128 mutual authentication and encrypted memory access. Configuration is loaded from a JSON card image (see targets/mifareplus/).

Memory model: 16-byte blocks grouped into sectors (32 sectors for 2 KB, 40 sectors for 4 KB). Each sector has an independent KeyA and KeyB pair.

MifarePlus SL3 Command Reference

All commands use AES-128 CMAC (CMAC(sessionMacKey, TI || data)[0:8]) for request/response integrity. Encrypted operations use AES-128 CBC with the session encryption key.

Authentication Commands

INS	Command	Description
`0x70`	`FirstAuthenticate` (KeyA)	Begin 3-pass AES-128 mutual authentication for a sector using KeyA
`0x72`	`FirstAuthenticate` (KeyB)	Begin 3-pass AES-128 mutual authentication for a sector using KeyB
`0x76`	`FollowingAuthenticate` (KeyA)	Extend an active session to an additional sector using KeyA (reuses Transaction Identifier)
`0x77`	`FollowingAuthenticate` (KeyB)	Extend an active session to an additional sector using KeyB (reuses Transaction Identifier)
`0x78`	`ResetAuthentication`	Invalidate the current authenticated session state

Memory Access Commands

INS	Command	Description
`0x30`	`Read`	Read one or more contiguous plaintext blocks with CMAC response integrity
`0x31`	`ReadEncrypted`	Read one or more blocks AES-CBC encrypted; MAC verified on both request and response
`0xA0`	`Write`	Write plaintext data blocks; MAC covers `TI \|\| blockAddr \|\| data`
`0xA1`	`WriteEncrypted`	Write AES-CBC encrypted blocks with request/response MAC verification

Value Block Commands

Value block operations follow a two-step model: a load command (Increment/Decrement/Restore) places the result in an internal transfer register, and Transfer commits it to the target block. The atomic *Transfer variants combine both steps.

INS	Command	Description
`0xC0`	`Increment`	Add a signed 32-bit delta to a value block and store result in the transfer register
`0xC1`	`Decrement`	Subtract a signed 32-bit delta from a value block and store result in the transfer register
`0xC2`	`Restore`	Copy a value block verbatim to the transfer register (no arithmetic)
`0xB0`	`Transfer`	Write the transfer register contents to the specified destination block
`0x35`	`IncrementTransfer`	Atomically add delta to a source value block and write the result to a destination block
`0x36`	`DecrementTransfer`	Atomically subtract delta from a source value block and write the result to a destination block
`0x37`	`RestoreTransfer`	Atomically copy a source value block to a destination block without arithmetic

Card Management Commands

INS	Command	Description
`0x56`	`GetUID`	Retrieve the card's 7-byte UID encrypted with the session key (requires prior authentication)

Card Configuration (JSON Format)

Card images are stored in targets/ and loaded at startup:

targets/
├── desfire/
│   ├── desfire-factory.json   — blank factory card (all-zero keys)
│   ├── desfire-ndef.json      — NDEF application layout
│ 
└── mifareplus/
    └── mifareplus-factory.json — blank factory card

The JSON format is fully documented in DESFIRE.md. Quick overview for a DESFire card:

{
  "type": "desfire",
  "version": 1,
  "discovery": {
    "UID": "04A1B2C3D4E5F6",
    "ATQA": 17411,
    "SAK": 32,
    "ATS": { "TB1": 129, "TC1": 2, "HB": "80" }
  },
  "payload": {
    "info": {
      "hw": { "vendor": 4, "type": 1, "subtype": 1, "version": 256, "storage": 24, "protocol": 5 },
      "sw": { "vendor": 4, "type": 1, "subtype": 1, "version": 260, "storage": 24, "protocol": 5 },
      "tr": { "batch": 690199491770, "week": 8, "year": 22 }
    },
    "directory": [
      {
        "aid": 0,
        "isoId": 16128,
        "isoName": "D2760000850100",
        "keySettings1": 15,
        "keySettings2": 1,
        "keys": [
          { "id": 0, "type": 0, "version": 0, "value": "00000000000000000000000000000000" }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}

Key type values: 0 = 2K3DES (16 bytes), 1 = 3K3DES (24 bytes), 2 = AES-128 (16 bytes).

Integration Test Suite (`hce-ut`)

The hce-ut binary is a self-contained integration test suite covering both the DESFire and MifarePlus client APIs. Tests run in two modes:

Mode	Description
Loopback (default)	In-process emulator — no hardware required
PCSC (`--pcsc`)	Physical NFC reader + virgin DESFire card

DESFire Test Categories

Category	Flag	Tests	Coverage
Security	`--test-security`	10	Legacy/ISO/AES auth, key change, session key derivation, error codes
PICC	`--test-picc`	10	GetVersion, GetFreeMemory, GetCardUID, create/delete/select application, access control, format
Application	`--test-application`	14	Standard, backup, value, linear record, cyclic record files; file settings; limited credit
ISO 7816-4	`--test-iso`	7	ISOSelect (name/ID), ISOReadBinary (absolute/SFI), ISOUpdateBinary, GetISOFileIDs
Transaction	`--test-transaction`	8	Commit, abort, record clear, chaining, MACed mode, AES encrypted mode, CMAC plain

Total: 49 tests across 5 categories.

MifarePlus Test Suite

Category	Flag	Tests	Coverage
Authentication	`--test-mfp`	116	FirstAuthenticate (KeyA/KeyB), FollowingAuthenticate, ResetAuthentication, auth error cases, wrong-key rejection, unauthenticated access, sector-scope enforcement
Memory Access	`--test-mfp`	—	Plain read/write with CMAC integrity, encrypted read/write with AES-CBC, multi-block operations, block 0 protection, cross-sector rejection
Value Blocks	`--test-mfp`	—	Increment→Transfer, Decrement→Transfer, Restore→Transfer, IncrementTransfer, DecrementTransfer, RestoreTransfer, non-value-block rejection
Card Management	`--test-mfp`	—	GetUID (authenticated), GetUID (unauthenticated error), 16-byte decrypted UID block
Multi-Sector	`--test-mfp`	—	Following auth across sectors, cross-sector read rejection after sector change

Total: 116 assertions run as a single --test-mfp suite.

Test Flags

Flag	Effect
(none)	Run all test categories — DESFire + MifarePlus (same as `--test-all`)
`--test-all`	Run all DESFire and MifarePlus tests in sequence
`--test-security`	Run DESFire Security Commands tests only
`--test-picc`	Run DESFire PICC Level Commands tests only
`--test-application`	Run DESFire Application Level Commands tests only
`--test-iso`	Run DESFire ISO 7816-4 Commands tests only
`--test-transaction`	Run DESFire Transaction Control tests only
`--test-mfp`	Run MifarePlus SL3 tests only
`--pcsc`	Use a physical PCSC reader instead of in-process loopback
`--verbose`	Enable `TRACE_LEVEL` logging — shows every APDU exchanged
`--help`, `-h`	Print usage

Running Tests on Linux

# Build
cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DHCE_BUILD_APP_QT=OFF -S . -B build
cmake --build build --target hce-ut -- -j$(nproc)

# Run all tests (loopback, no hardware needed)
./build/src/hce-app/app-ut/hce-ut

# Run DESFire categories individually
./build/src/hce-app/app-ut/hce-ut --test-security
./build/src/hce-app/app-ut/hce-ut --test-picc
./build/src/hce-app/app-ut/hce-ut --test-application
./build/src/hce-app/app-ut/hce-ut --test-iso
./build/src/hce-app/app-ut/hce-ut --test-transaction

# Run MifarePlus SL3 tests
./build/src/hce-app/app-ut/hce-ut --test-mfp

# Run with verbose APDU traces
./build/src/hce-app/app-ut/hce-ut --test-security --verbose

# Run against a physical DESFire card
./build/src/hce-app/app-ut/hce-ut --pcsc

Running Tests on Windows (MSYS2)

# Locate MSYS2 (may be on C: or D:)
$msys2 = @("C:\develop\msys64", "D:\develop\msys64") | Where-Object { Test-Path $_ } | Select-Object -First 1
$env:PATH = "$msys2\ucrt64\bin;$msys2\usr\bin;" + $env:PATH

# Build
cmake --build cmake-build-debug --target hce-ut

# Run all tests
.\cmake-build-debug\src\hce-app\app-ut\hce-ut.exe

# Run DESFire categories individually
.\cmake-build-debug\src\hce-app\app-ut\hce-ut.exe --test-security
.\cmake-build-debug\src\hce-app\app-ut\hce-ut.exe --test-picc
.\cmake-build-debug\src\hce-app\app-ut\hce-ut.exe --test-application
.\cmake-build-debug\src\hce-app\app-ut\hce-ut.exe --test-iso
.\cmake-build-debug\src\hce-app\app-ut\hce-ut.exe --test-transaction

# Run MifarePlus SL3 tests
.\cmake-build-debug\src\hce-app\app-ut\hce-ut.exe --test-mfp

# Run with verbose APDU traces
.\cmake-build-debug\src\hce-app\app-ut\hce-ut.exe --test-security --verbose

# Run against a physical DESFire card
.\cmake-build-debug\src\hce-app\app-ut\hce-ut.exe --pcsc

Note

--pcsc requires a PCSC-compatible NFC reader and a virgin DESFire card (factory all-zero keys). The test suite formats the card and creates applications/files, so any existing card content will be destroyed.

Test Output

=== Security Commands Tests ===
[PASS] authenticateLegacy
[PASS] authenticateISO
[PASS] authenticateAES
...
=== Security Tests Results: 10 passed, 0 failed ===

=== Mifare Plus Tests ===
[PASS] authenticate(sector=0) returns STATUS_OK
[PASS] authenticateFollowing(sector=1) returns STATUS_OK
...
=== Mifare Plus Tests Results: 116 passed, 0 failed ===

Exit code 0 when all tests pass; 1 on any failure.

Project Goals

Protocol Research: A reliable tool for studying the behavior of proximity readers and their implementation of international standards.
System Auditing: Enable security professionals to perform stress tests and latency analysis on access control infrastructures.
Hardware Enablement: A modern, open-source alternative for the PN7160 controller, moving away from legacy chips like the PN532.

Supported Hardware

This stack is designed to work with a high-performance hardware bridge to ensure minimal latency during ISO-DEP transactions, currently between 2.5 ms and 4 ms.

1. NFC Controller: NXP PN7160

The PN7160 is the core of the emulation engine. Unlike legacy controllers, it supports the latest NCI standards and offers superior stability for Card Emulation (CE) modes.

2. USB Bridge: FTDI FT232H

To interface the PN7160 with a PC, the project uses the FT232H in SPI mode (via MPSSE - Multi-Protocol Synchronous Serial Engine). This is preferred over I2C due to:

Higher Throughput: Essential for high-bitrate ISO-DEP frames.
Lower Latency: Critical for meeting the strict Frame Waiting Time (FWT) requirements of ISO 14443-4.

For the PN7160, I use the development board OM27160B1 with the Adafruit FT232H Breakout (or similar).

OM27160B1HN Board (OM27160A1HN is the I2C version)

J1	PN7160 Signal
#1	VDD(PAD): 1.8 V or 3.3 V host interface voltage reference
#2	VDD(UP)/VBAT: 2.8 V to 5.5 V supply voltage

J2	PN7160 Signal (only relevant for OM27160A1HN I2C version)
#1	I2C_SDA: I2C-bus serial data
#2	I2C_SCL: I2C-bus serial clock input

J3	PN7160 Signal
#1	Not connected
#2	GND: ground
#3	IRQ: interrupt request output
#4	VEN: reset pin input
#5	DWL_REQ: download request pin input
#6	Not connected

J4	PN7160 Signal
#1	SPI_COTI: SPI-bus Controller Output, Target Input data (MOSI)
#2	SPI_CITO: SPI-bus Controller Input, Target Output data (MISO)
#3	SPI_NSS: SPI-bus Target Select (CS)
#4	SPI_SCK: SPI-bus Serial Clock (SCK)
#5	Not connected
#6	Not connected

FT232H Breakout (USB-C to SPI bridge)

Hardware Connection Schema (SPI mode)

FT232H Pin	OM27160B1HN Pin	Function	Description
D0	J4/#4 - SCK	Serial Clock	SPI Clock Signal
D1	J4/#1 - MOSI	Master Out Slave IN	Data from PC to PN7160
D2	J4/#2 - MISO	Master In Slave Out	Data from PN7160 to PC
D3	J4/#3 - NSS	Chip Select	SPI Slave Select (Active Low)
D5	J3/#3 - IRQ	Interrupt Request	PN7160 signaling data ready
C2	J3/#5 - DWL_REQ	Download Request	Firmware update / Bootloader mode
C3	J3/#4 - VEN	PN7160 Enable	Reset/Power control for PN7160
GND	J3/#2 - GND	Common Ground	Shared reference
3V	J1/#1 - 3V	Logic Level VCC	Reference for I/O logic levels
5V	J1/#2 - 5V	System Power	Main power supply for the board

FT232H & OM27160B1HN connection

Homemade board stack

Note: C1 PIN is connected only for mechanical stability, not used anymore.

Emulation Timings

With these boards using SPI at 1 MHz I achieve response times between 2.5 and 3.5 ms. Most of this is USB bus latency — with careful tuning it could be lower, but will never drop below ~1.5 ms. Host CPU processing time is negligible by comparison.

Build Instructions

Prerequisites

Tool	Version	Notes
CMake	3.21+
C++ compiler	C++17	GCC 11+, MSYS2 UCRT recommended on Windows
Qt6	6.x	Base and SVG modules required
libusb	1.0
libftdi	1.x

Application targets

Target	Binary	Description
`hce-lab`	`hce-lab` / `hce-lab.exe`	Qt6 GUI application
`hce-ut`	`hce-ut` / `hce-ut.exe`	Integration test suite
`hce-t4t`	`hce-t4t` / `hce-t4t.exe`	CLI test tool (no Qt)

Build on Linux

Install dependencies (Ubuntu/Debian):

sudo apt install cmake g++ qt6-base-dev libqt6svg6 libusb-1.0-0-dev zlib1g-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libftdi1-dev

Clone and build:

git clone https://github.com/josevcm/hce-laboratory.git
cd hce-laboratory

# Release build (GUI application)
cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -S . -B build
cmake --build build --target hce-lab -- -j$(nproc)

# Debug build with test suite
cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -S . -B build-debug
cmake --build build-debug --target hce-ut -- -j$(nproc)

# Launch the GUI application
./build/src/hce-app/app-qt/hce-lab

Build on Windows (MSYS2 UCRT)

1. Install MSYS2

Download the MSYS2 installer from msys2.org and install to C:\develop\msys64 or D:\develop\msys64.

2. Install dependencies

Open the MSYS2 UCRT64 shell and run:

pacman -S mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-qt6-base
pacman -S mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-qt6-svg
pacman -S mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-gcc
pacman -S mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-cmake
pacman -S mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-ninja
pacman -S mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-libusb
pacman -S mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-libftdi

3. Clone and build

Open PowerShell and locate your MSYS2 installation:

$msys2 = @("C:\develop\msys64", "D:\develop\msys64") | Where-Object { Test-Path $_ } | Select-Object -First 1
$env:PATH = "$msys2\ucrt64\bin;$msys2\usr\bin;" + $env:PATH

git clone https://github.com/josevcm/hce-laboratory.git
cd hce-laboratory

Two pre-configured build trees are available:

# Release build (GUI application)
cmake --build cmake-build-release --target hce-lab

# Debug build with test suite
cmake --build cmake-build-debug --target hce-ut

# Copy the application binary for easy access
cp .\cmake-build-release\src\hce-app\app-qt\hce-lab.exe hce-lab.exe

Important

Always prepend $env:PATH = "$msys2\ucrt64\bin;$msys2\usr\bin;" + $env:PATH in the same PowerShell command as cmake. Without it, the compiler cannot find its runtime DLLs.

FT232H Driver Setup (Windows only)

Configure IO pins with FT_PROG

Download and install FT_PROG. Connect the FT232H and select DEVICES → Scan and Parse.

In Hardware Specific → IO Controls, set all ports to Tristate:

Reference Links

The following resources are archived here as reference for how emulation works:

License

This project is licensed under the GNU General Public License v3.0 (GPL-3.0). This ensures that the core protocol stack remains open-source and benefits the global security community.

Trademark Notice

MIFARE and DESFire are registered trademarks of NXP Semiconductors. PN7160 and related product names are trademarks of NXP Semiconductors. This project is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by NXP Semiconductors in any way.

Disclaimer: This project is intended for educational and professional auditing purposes only. Always ensure you have permission before testing on systems you do not own.

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
.github		.github
cmake		cmake
dat		dat
debian		debian
dll		dll
doc		doc
src		src
targets		targets
tools		tools
.gitignore		.gitignore
CMakeLists.txt		CMakeLists.txt
DESFIRE.md		DESFIRE.md
LICENSE		LICENSE
README.md		README.md

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